منغنيز ; منݣنيز

Manganese is an essential trace element. The daily requirements for manganese are 2.6 mg for lactating women. Many foods contain manganese: seafood, whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, vegetables (spinach), fruits (pineapple, blueberries), tea... ^{(NIH 2022)}. Manganese sulfate and chloride are used in parenteral nutrition for the prophylaxis and treatment of deficiency states.

At the date of the last update, we found no published data on its excretion in breast milk.

Manganese is found in breast milk, in higher concentration in colostrum, 218 nmol/L, and in the milk of the first days, 67 nmol/L, than later, 36 nmol/L. ^{(Arnaud 1995, Casey 1989 & 1985)}

Manganese in drinking water correlates with concentrations in urine, but not with concentrations in blood or breast milk. Elevated maternal exposure to manganese does not necessarily lead to exposure of breastfed infants, highlighting the importance of breastfeeding in areas with high manganese content. ^(Ljung2009). One author found a significant positive correlation between maternal manganese intake and breast milk manganese content. ^{(Vuori 1980)}

Manganese deficiency is very rare. An excess of manganese by ingestion in the diet or by professional inhalation (mining, welding) can give symptoms of neurotoxicity. ^{(NIH 2022, Martins 2021, Erikson 2019 & 2007, Chen 2018, O'Neal 2015)}

A moderate consumption of manganese without exceeding the daily requirements is compatible with lactation.