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A strong opioid analgesic equivalent to morphine with a partially antagonistic action.
It is used during childbirth and cesarean section.
Administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously every 3 to 6 hours.
There is a dosage and it is considered safe in the pediatric age group without causing respiratory depression (Kubica-Cielińska 2015).
Unlike other opioids, its metabolites are inactive (Martin 2018).
It is excreted in breastmilk in clinically insignificant amounts (Reece 2017, Mustafa 2016, FDA 2016, Jacqz-Aigrain 2007, Wischnik 1988).
Its low oral bioavailability (Aitkenhead 1988) hinders transfer to the infant’s plasma from ingested breastmilk.
It can increase the secretion of prolactin (Saarialho 1988).
Not available in several countries including Spain.